Breaking the 30-day barrier: Long-term effectiveness of a nurse-led 7-step transitional intervention program in heart failure.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Heart failure (HF) programs successfully reduce 30-day readmissions. However, conflicting data exist about its sustained effects afterwards and its impact on mortality. We evaluated whether the impact of a new nurse-led coordinated transitional HF program extends to longer periods of time, including 90 and 180 days after discharge. METHODS AND RESULTS: We designed a natural experiment to undertake a pragmatical evaluation of the implementation of the program. We compared outcomes between patients discharged with HF as primary diagnosis in Period #1 (pre-program; Jan 2017-Aug 2017) and those discharged during Period #2 (HF program; Sept 2017-Jan 2019). Primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause death or all-cause hospitalization 90 and 180 days after discharge. 440 patients were enrolled: 123 in Period #1 and 317 in Period #2. Mean age was 75±9 years. There were more females in Period #2 (p = 0.025), with no other significant differences between periods. The primary endpoint was significantly reduced in the HF program group, at 90 [adjusted OR 0.31 (0.18-0.53), p <0.001] and at 180 days [adjusted OR 0.18 (CI 0.11-0.32), p <0.001]. Such a decrease was due to a reduction in cardiovascular (CV) and HF hospitalization. All-cause death was reduced when a double check discharge planning was implanted compared to usual care [0 (0%) vs. 7 (3.8%), p = 0.022]. CONCLUSION: A new nurse-led coordinated transitional bundle of interventions model reduces the composite endpoint of all-cause death and all-cause hospitalization both at 90 and 180 days after a discharge for HF, also in high-risk populations. Such a decrease is driven by a reduction of CV and HF hospitalization. Reduction of all-cause mortality was also observed when the full model including a more exhaustive discharge planning process was implemented.

[Revisit after discharge from the emergency department in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and analysis based on the healthcare resource used for follow-up. RESALSEVID study]. / Análisis de la evolucion tras el alta de urgencias en pacientes con neumonía por COVID-19 en función del recurso sanitario utilizado para el seguimiento: estudio RESALSEVID.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 pneumonia is a manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and in most cases involves hospital admission. There are recommendations according to which these patients can be discharged without hospital admission, but there is no evidence regarding the revisit and the most appropriate type of follow-up. The objective of the RESALSEVID study was to investigate the variables associated with the 30-day revisit (Rev30d) in a group of patients discharged directly from 4 emergency departments (ED) with COVID-19 pneumonia, and analyze whether there were differences based on 4 different tracking devices. METHOD: Analysis of a prospective cohort of patients discharged directly from the ED with COVID-19 pneumonia in 4 hospital with different models of follow-up at discharge (primary care, hospitalization at home [HaH] phone and in person, HaH phone, hospital phone). RESULTS: Five hundred twenty patients were included, with a mean age of 50.1 years and 51% men. Rev30d was 18.3% and was related only to immunosuppression, odds ratio 4.49 (95% confidence interval 1.10-18.24); p=0.022. There was no difference in Rev30d based on the follow-up model used at discharge from the ED. CONCLUSIONS: There are some recommendations that allow the safe discharge of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, with no differences in Rev30d depending on the type of follow-up.

The utility of the Barthel index as an outcome predictor in older patients with acute infection attending the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Functional decline and frailty are common in older adults and influence the risk of adverse outcomes. We aimed to assess the value of a Barthel index at the Emergency Department (ED-BI) score in predicting 30-day mortality and ED reconsultation among older patients with acute infection. METHODS: We performed a prospective multicentre cohort study of older patients (≥75 years) diagnosed with acute infection in 69 Spanish EDs. Demographic, comorbidities, functional status, clinical and analytical data were collected. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the association between ED-BI score, mortality and ED reconsultation. RESULTS: In total 1596 patients with a mean age of 84.7 years were included in the study and 51.7% female. The most frequent focus of infection was respiratory in 918 patients (57.5%). Patients with an ED-BI< 60 points were significantly older, predominantly female, more likely institutionalized and more urinary infections. When comparing patients with an ED-BI score ≥ 60 points with those< 60 points no differences were found in ED reconsultation but in the latter group mortality at 30-days was higher (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: An ED-BI score< 60 points appears to be a strong predictor of mortality at the 30-day follow up in older patients with acute infection. DATA AVAILABILITY: The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Predictors of revisits within 1 year by patients after acute COVID-19: the HUBCOVID365 cohort study. / Predictores de revisita en pacientes con infección aguda COVID-19 con seguimiento al año: estudio de cohorte HUBCOVID365.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequencies of 3 types of hospital revisits by patients after treatment for COVID-19 in the emergency department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of consecutive patients who came to the emergency department in March and April 2020 and were discharged alive with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Baseline and acute episode data were collected and the patients were followed for 1 year. We analyzed variables associated with revisits for any reason, revisits related to COVID-19, and early COVID-19-related revisits (within 30 days). RESULTS: A total of 1352 patients with a mean age of 62.1 years (52.9% male) were studied. A total of 553 revisits were made by 342 patients (25.3%) for any reason; 132 (9.8%) revisited in relation to COVID-19 at least once. Of those, 103 (7.6%) revisited within 30 days (early) and 29 (2.2%) came later. COVID-19-related revisits were associated with thrombotic events (odds ratio [OR], 7.58; 95% CI, 1.75-32.81) and pulmonary fibrosis (OR, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.27-19.24); early revisits were inversely associated with follow-up management by a contracted health care support service (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.03-0.92). Hospital admission during the initial visit was significantly associated with fewer revisits for any reason or related to COVID-19 at any time. CONCLUSION: Fewer than half the total number of emergency department revisits after initial care for COVID-19 were related to the novel coronavirus infection. Revisits occurred more often in the first 30 days after discharge. Later COVID-19-related revisits were uncommon, but given the large number of patients with this infection, such visits can be expected.

OBJETIVO: Analizar diferentes categorías de revisita (RV) al año en pacientes con infección COVID-19 que consultan en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). METODO: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, que incluyó pacientes consecutivos que consultaron al SUH en los meses de marzo y abril de 2020 con diagnóstico de COVID-19 y fueron dados de alta vivos del hospital. Se recogieron variables basales y del episodio agudo y se realizó un seguimiento al año. Se hicieron tres comparaciones identificando variables asociadas a la RV total, RV relacionada con COVID-19 (RCovid) y RCovid precoz (# 30 días). RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 1.352 pacientes con edad media de 62,1 años y 52,9% varones. En el seguimiento al año hubo 553 RV en 342 (25,3%) pacientes, 132 (9,8%) con al menos una RCovid, 103 (7,6%) precoz y 29 (2,2%) tardía. La RCovid se relacionó con la presencia de fenómenos trombóticos [OR 7,58 (IC 95%: 1,75-32,81)] y la fibrosis pulmonar [OR 4,95 (IC 95%: 1,27-19,24)]; y la RCovid precoz se relacionó inversamente con alta a dispositivo de soporte sanitario [OR 0,18 (IC 95%: 0,03-0,92)]. El ingreso hospitalario en el evento índice disminuyó la RV total y RCovid y las hospitalizaciones derivadas de esta RV de manera significativa a largo plazo. CONCLUSIONES: Menos de la mitad de la RV total tras una infección COVID-19 está relacionada con la infección, y es más frecuente en los primeros 30 días. La RCovid tardía no es frecuente, pero dado el elevado número de pacientes que han sido infectados por COVID-19 se debe tener en cuenta.

Iron deficiency and safety of ferric carboxymaltose in patients with acute heart failure. AHF-ID study.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of iron deficiency (ID) in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) is high. There are few studies on the characteristics of these patients and the safety of ferric carboxymaltose administration (FCM). OBJECTIVE: Study the differences among patients with AHF based on the presence and type of ID as well as the safety of FCM administration in these patients. METHOD: The AHF-ID study is a multicentre, analytical, prospective follow-up cohort including patients admitted to six Spanish hospitals for AHF. ID was defined as serum ferritin <100 µg/L (group A) or ferritin 100-299 µg/L with a TSAT <20% (group B). In cases receiving FCM the appearance of adverse events was analysed. Adjusted Cox regression was used to determine the association with 30-days reattendance for AHF after discharge. RESULTS: A total of 221 patients were recruited; 191 (86.4%) presented ID, 121 (63.4%) group A and 70 (36.6%) group B. There were scarce differences between the groups analysed. No differences were found in 30-days reattendance for AHF. FCM was administered to 158 (71.5%) patients, with 8 (5.1%) presenting adverse events, the most frequent being digestive alterations. Treatment was not discontinued in any case. CONCLUSIONS: There are scarce differences between the presence and the type of ID in patients with AHF. The administration of FCM in patients with ID and AHF is safe.

General Characteristics and Activity of Emergency Department Short-Stay Units in Spanish Hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding mainly due to the lack of access to inpatient beds negatively affects safety and quality of care. Implementation of ED short-stay units (EDSSUs) may help to mitigate this situation. OBJECTIVES: To describe the general characteristics and evaluate the activity of EDSSUs in Spanish hospitals. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was sent to coordinators responsible for the EDSSUs identified among Spanish hospitals appearing on the Ministry of Health Web page. Data regarding structure, caseloads, and clinical management practices were collected. RESULTS: Among the 591 hospitals surveyed, 35 EDSSUs (5.9%) were identified and 23 participated in the study. Admissions to EDSSUs over different periods in 2011 were assessed: 12-month activity in 17 EDSSUs and between 5 and 10.5 months in six EDSSUs. A total of 25,568 patients with a mean age of 67.2 ± 9.8 years were admitted, representing between 6% and 16.3% of hospital admissions from the ED. The most frequent diagnoses were acute heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, and urinary and respiratory tract infections. The average length of stay (LOS) was 2.6 ± 1.1 days (range 1.2-5.3), in-hospital mortality 0.59% (range 0-2.68), and the 30-day readmission rate after discharge was 6.7% (range 0-14.6). CONCLUSIONS: To date, only a few Spanish hospitals have implemented EDSSUs. Prevalent infections and exacerbation of chronic conditions are the most frequent causes for admission. Considering LOS, 30-day readmission rate and mortality, EDSSUs appear to be safe and effective and might be considered a tool to alleviate ED overcrowding.

Asistencia, investigación y docencia: la tríada de la medicina de urgencias y emergencias / Clinical practice, research, and teaching: the triad that marks emergency medicine

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¿Son las unidades de corta estancia un recurso adecuado para la hospitalización de los pacientes ancianos con infección? / Are short-stay units an appropriate resource for hospitalising elderly patients with infection?

Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas y evolución de los pacientes ancianos (≥75 años) con sospecha de infección atendidos en los servicios de urgencias (SU) y comparar los que ingresan en una unidad de corta estancia (UCE) respecto las unidades de hospitalización convencional (UHC). Material y métodos. Estudio de cohortes prospectivo que incluyó, mediante muestreo por oportunidad, a los pacientes ≥75 años atendidos por infección en los SU de 3 hospitales universitarios españoles (año 2013). Se analizaron variables demográficas, comorbilidad, situación funcional basal, existencia de sepsis, tipo de infección, destino y mortalidad a 30 días. Resultados. Se identificaron 330 pacientes ≥75 años (edad media: 83,8±7,3). Ingresaron 306 (93%), 175 en UHC (53%) y 87 (26%) en UCE. Los principales antecedentes fueron HTA (74,5%), arritmia cardíaca (30%), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (28%) y diabetes mellitus (26%), y como factores de multirresistencia el tratamiento antibiótico los 3 meses previos (48%) y la institucionalización (26%). El 53% presentó síndrome séptico clásico y la infección respiratoria fue la más prevalente (50%). Al comparar el ingreso en UCE o UHC se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) en el índice de Charlson (1,95 vs. 2,51), escala de Glasgow (14,6 vs. 14,3), síndrome séptico (67% vs. 53%), sepsis grave (2,3% vs. 18%), estancia hospitalaria (4,2 días vs. 10,4) y mortalidad a 30 días (3,4% vs. 18%) respectivamente. onclusiones. Las UCE suponen una alternativa a las UHC para enfermos ancianos con sospecha de infección que requieren ingreso (AU)

Objective. To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly patients (≥ 75 years) with suspected infection attending the emergency department (ED) and to compare patients admitted to a short-stay unit (SSU) with those admitted to a conventional hospital unit (CHU). Material and methods. Prospective cohort study including, using opportunity sampling, patients ≥75 years treated for infection in the ED of 3 Spanish university hospitals (2013). Demographic variables, comorbidity, baseline performance status, presence of sepsis, infection type, destination on discharge, and mortality at 30 days were collected. Results. During the study period, 330 patients ≥75 years (mean age 83.8±7.3) were evaluated for a suspected infection in the ED, and 306 (93%) were admitted to the hospital, 175 (53%) to the CHU and 87 (26%) to the SSU. Medical history included hypertension (74.5%), arrhythmia (30%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (28%), and diabetes mellitus (26%), and risk factors for multidrug resistance, such as antibiotic treatment in 3 months prior to admission (48%), and institutionalisation (26%). A classic sepsis syndrome was found to be the source of infection in 53%, and was respiratory in half of patients. When comparing patients admitted to SSU and CHU, statistically significant differences (p<.05) were found in the Charlson index (1.95 vs. 2.51), Glasgow coma scale (14.6 vs. 14.3), classic sepsis syndrome (67% vs. 53%), severe sepsis (2.3% vs. 18%), length of stay (4.2 vs. 10.4 days), and mortality within 30 days (3.4% vs. 18%), respectively. Conclusions. SSU may be an adequate alternative to CHU for elderly patients requiring admission with suspected infection (AU)

Microbiología, sensibilidad antibiótica y factores asociados a bacteriemia en la prostatitis aguda / Microbiology, antibiotic susceptibility, and bacteraemia associated factors in acute prostatitis

Objetivo. Analizar las características de las prostatitis agudas atendidas en el servicio de urgencias, la microbiología, las resistencias antibióticas y los factores asociados a bacteriemia. Método. Estudio analítico observacional de cohorte con seguimiento prospectivo de las prostatitis agudas atendidas entre enero y diciembre de 2012 en el servicio de urgencias. Se incluyen los datos relativos a la edad, comorbilidad, episodios previos, clínica, microbiología, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados. Se registraron 241 episodios de prostatitis agudas con edad media 62,9±16 años, antecedentes de patología prostática en 54 casos (22,5%) y manipulación de la vía urinaria en 40 (17%). La duración de los síntomas fue de 3,38 ± 4,04 días, con clínica urinaria en 176 casos (73%) y fiebre en 154 (64%). Ingresaron 70 pacientes (29%) y se registraron 3 exitus. Se obtuvo aislamiento en 128 de 216 (59%) urinocultivos y 24 de 136 hemocultivos (17,6%). Escherichia coli se aisló en el 58,6% de los urinocultivos y 64% de los hemocultivos con cepas resistentes a quinolonas, cotrimoxazol y amoxicilina/clavulánico en el 27,7%, 22,9% y 27,7% de los casos respectivamente. En el análisis univariante la bacteriemia se asoció a la presencia de escalofríos (p=0,013) e incrementó la reconsulta en el servicio de urgencias (p=0,037) y el reingreso hospitalario a los 30 días (p=0,003). Conclusiones. Los pacientes con prostatitis agudas dados de alta del servicio de urgencias requieren seguimiento y monitorización para garantizar un tratamiento adecuado. La bacteriemia incrementa la reconsulta en el servicio de urgencias y el reingreso hospitalario (AU)

Introduction. The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics of patients with acute prostatitis presenting to the Emergency Department, the microbiological findings, antibiotic susceptibility, and bacteraemia associated factors. Methods. Observational and cohort study with prospective follow-up including patients with acute prostatitis presenting to the Emergency Department from January-December 2012. Data were collected for demographic variables, comorbidities, microbiological findings, antibiotic treatment and outcome. Results. Two hundred and forty one episodes of acute prostatitis were included. Mean age was 62.9 ± 16 years, a history of prostate adenoma was reported in 54 cases (22.5%) and prior manipulation of the lower urinary tract in 40 (17%). Mean symptoms duration was 3.38 ± 4.04 days, voiding symptoms were present in 176 cases (73%) and fever in 154 (64%). Seventy patients (29%) were admitted to the hospital and 3 died. From 216 urine cultures, 128 were positive (59%) and 24 (17.6%) out of 136 blood cultures. Escherichia coli was the main pathogen (58.6% of urine cultures and 64% of blood cultures) with resistant strains to fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole and amoxicillin/clavulanic in 27.7%, 22.9% and 27.7% of cases respectively. In the univariate analysis, only chills were associated to bacteraemia (p=0.013). At 30-day follow-up, patients with bacteraemia returned more frequently to the Emergency Department (p=0.037) and were more often admitted to the hospital (p=0.003). Conclusions. Patients with acute prostatitis discharged from the Emergency Department need clinical follow-up and monitoring of microbiological findings in order to assure an adequate antibiotic treatment. Return to Emergency Department and admission to the hospital were significantly more frequent among patients with bacteraemia (AU)

[Are short-stay units an appropriate resource for hospitalising elderly patients with infection?] / ¿Son las unidades de corta estancia un recurso adecuado para la hospitalización de los pacientes ancianos con infección?

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly patients (≥ 75 years) with suspected infection attending the emergency department (ED) and to compare patients admitted to a short-stay unit (SSU) with those admitted to a conventional hospital unit (CHU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study including, using opportunity sampling, patients ≥75 years treated for infection in the ED of 3 Spanish university hospitals (2013). Demographic variables, comorbidity, baseline performance status, presence of sepsis, infection type, destination on discharge, and mortality at 30 days were collected. RESULTS: During the study period, 330 patients ≥75 years (mean age 83.8±7.3) were evaluated for a suspected infection in the ED, and 306 (93%) were admitted to the hospital, 175 (53%) to the CHU and 87 (26%) to the SSU. Medical history included hypertension (74.5%), arrhythmia (30%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (28%), and diabetes mellitus (26%), and risk factors for multidrug resistance, such as antibiotic treatment in 3 months prior to admission (48%), and institutionalisation (26%). A classic sepsis syndrome was found to be the source of infection in 53%, and was respiratory in half of patients. When comparing patients admitted to SSU and CHU, statistically significant differences (p<.05) were found in the Charlson index (1.95 vs. 2.51), Glasgow coma scale (14.6 vs. 14.3), classic sepsis syndrome (67% vs. 53%), severe sepsis (2.3% vs. 18%), length of stay (4.2 vs. 10.4 days), and mortality within 30 days (3.4% vs. 18%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SSU may be an adequate alternative to CHU for elderly patients requiring admission with suspected infection.

La estancia media de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda en las unidades de corta estancia / Mean stay of patients with acute heart failure in short-stay units

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[Review of 1.250 episodes of skin and soft tissue infections attended at 49 hospital emergency departments]. / Análisis de 1.250 episodios de infección de piel y partes blandas registrados en 49 servicios de Urgencias hospitalarios.

OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence, clinical characteristics, approach and outcome of patients with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) evaluated at the Emergency Departments (ED) in Spain. METHODS: A descriptive multicenter cross-sectional analysis in 49 ED of patients with SSTI. Data were collected for age, gender, comorbid conditions, risk factors for multiresistant pathogens, STTI type, sepsis criteria, microbiology, antibiotic treatment, destination and ED mortality. RESULTS: We documented 1,250 episodes (11% of all infections and 1.6% of all patients seen in ED), mean age 52 years (56% men) and the comorbidities and risk factors for major adverse outcomes were diabetes (15%), heart disease (12%), previous antibiotic therapy (10%) and solid malignancy (5%). 81% of STTI were nonnecrotizing, 3.3% had septic syndrome, in 65% of patients was not practised any microbiological study, and 16% had risk factors for infection for antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria, with adequate empirical antibiotic therapy of 2.5%. 72% of patients were discharged home and 2 died. When comparing STTI discharged home respect those that were admitted, these latter were older patients with more comorbidities and risk factors for multidrug resistance, sepsis and there were more practised cultures (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SSTI have a prevalence of 1.6%, representing 11% of visits to the ED for infection. 44% of patients have comorbidity and 16% have risk factors for infection for resistant gram-positive pathogens and they were not made an appropriate antibiotic coverage.

Análisis de 1.250 episodios de infección de piel y partes blandas registrados en 49 servicios de Urgencias hospitalarios / Review of 1.250 episodes of skin and soft tissue infections attended at 49 hospital emergency departments

Objetivo. Revisar la prevalencia, características clínicas, abordaje y evolución de los pacientes con infección de piel y partes blandas (IPPB) visitados en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) en España. Método. Estudio descriptivo multicéntrico con análisis transversal en 49 SUH de pacientes con IPPB. Se analizó edad, género, comorbilidad, factores de riesgo para patógenos multirresistentes, tipo de IPPB, criterios de sepsis, microbiología, antibioticoterapia, destino y mortalidad en urgencias. Resultados. Se documentaron 1.250 episodios (11% de las infecciones y 1,6% del total de visitas de urgencias), edad media de 52 años (56% hombres) y la comorbilidad y principales factores de riesgo de mala evolución fueron diabetes (15%), cardiopatía (12%), antibioticoterapia previa (10%) y neoplasia sólida (5%). El 81% de IPPB eran no necrosantes, 3,3% presentaron sepsis, en el 65% de enfermos no se practicó ningún estudio microbiológico y el 16% presentaba factores de riesgo de infección por bacterias grampositivas resistentes con antibioticoterapia empírica adecuada del 2,5%. El 72% fueron dados de alta a domicilio y 2 pacientes fallecieron. Al comparar las IPPB dadas de alta respecto las que ingresaron éstas últimas afectaban a pacientes mayores, con más comorbilidad y factores de riesgo de multirresistencia, sepsis y se practicaron más cultivos (p < 0,05). Conclusiones. Las IPPB tienen una prevalencia del 1,6% y representan el 11% de las consultas a los SUH por infección. Un 44% de enfermos presenta comorbilidad y el 16% tiene factores de riesgo de infección por patógenos grampositivos resistentes y no se les realiza una adecuada cobertura antibiótica (AU)

Objetive. To review the prevalence, clinical characteristics, approach and outcome of patients with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) evaluated at the Emergency Departments (ED) in Spain. Methods. A descriptive multicenter cross-sectional analysis in 49 ED of patients with SSTI. Data were collected for age, gender, comorbid conditions, risk factors for multiresistant pathogens, STTI type, sepsis criteria, microbiology, antibiotic treatment, destination and ED mortality. Results. We documented 1,250 episodes (11% of all infections and 1.6% of all patients seen in ED), mean age 52 years (56% men) and the comorbidities and risk factors for major adverse outcomes were diabetes (15%), heart disease (12%), previous antibiotic therapy (10%) and solid malignancy (5%). 81% of STTI were nonnecrotizing, 3.3% had septic syndrome, in 65% of patients was not practised any microbiological study, and 16% had risk factors for infection for antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria, with adequate empirical antibiotic therapy of 2.5%. 72% of patients were discharged home and 2 died. When comparing STTI discharged home respect those that were admitted, these latter were older patients with more comorbidities and risk factors for multidrug resistance, sepsis and there were more practised cultures (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The SSTI have a prevalence of 1.6%, representing 11% of visits to the ED for infection. 44% of patients have comorbidity and 16% have risk factors for infection for resistant gram-positive pathogens and they were not made an appropriate antibiotic coverage (AU)